{"updated":"2026-11-13T20:58:41.916Z","window":"6 Nov 2026 – 13 Nov 2026","incidents":[{"id":"VW-2026-0549","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Bandits reportedly abduct six internally displaced people on their way to farms in Kaduna","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Kaduna","place":null,"lat":9.1,"lon":8.7,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T16:53:36.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T16:53:36.000Z","types":["Abduction & hostage-taking"],"perpetrator":"Bandits","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["internally displaced persons"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single social-media report","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/LeadershipNGA/posts/breaking-bandits-abduct-6-idps-on-way-to-farms-in-kaduna/1547463810763013/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Bandits; victims internally displaced persons. People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). The alleged perpetrator (Bandits) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single social-media report. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 96, 99; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 4(2)(c) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(c)(iii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Art. 35","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 6; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Art. 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0514","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Bandits kill Kaduna farmer Ibrahim Kadafa, a Kaduna–Abuja highway kidnap victim, after collecting a ₦56m ransom","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Kaduna","place":"Kaduna–Abuja highway","lat":9.1,"lon":8.7,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T08:02:46.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T16:33:32.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Abduction & hostage-taking"],"perpetrator":"Bandits","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["farmer (kidnap victim)"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"One report places the farmer in Katsina; social-media and local press reports","cumulative":false,"sources":4,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/thewhistlerng/posts/bandits-collect-n56m-kill-kaduna-abuja-highway-kidnap-victimread-more-in-the-com/1466567292340491/","https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.t.ramalan/posts/56m-ransom-paid-kidnapped-kaduna-farmer-returns-deadbandits-operating-along-the-/10247348569315282/","https://dailypost.ng/2026/11/13/bandits-kill-farmer-after-collecting-n56m-ransom/","https://www.facebook.com/groups/mopplah/posts/30313278838261148/","https://thenews-chronicle.com/how-bandits-took-%E2%82%A656m-phones-from-kaduna-farmers-family-before-killing-him/","https://www.facebook.com/ReportYourself/posts/bandits-reportedly-kill-katsina-farmer-despite-collecting-56million-ransom-hand-/1716552446492931/","https://guardian.ng/news/bandits-return-dead-body-of-kidnapped-farmer-after-receiving-n56m-ransom/","https://www.facebook.com/guardianng/posts/terrorists-operating-along-the-kaduna-abuja-highway-have-killed-a-kaduna-farmer-/1709652043855552/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Bandits; victims farmer (kidnap victim); 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). The alleged perpetrator (Bandits) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: One report places the farmer in Katsina; social-media and local press reports. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 96, 99; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(c), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(c)(iii), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Art. 35","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 6; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Art. 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0547","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Saudi-attributed air strikes hit homes in Uzlat al-Za'azi', al-Shamayatayn district, Taiz; several residents injured","location":"Yemen","subregion":"Taiz","place":"Uzlat al-Za'azi', al-Shamayatayn district, Taiz","lat":15.6,"lon":48,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T16:33:08.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T16:33:08.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["residents"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; number injured not stated","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277814"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims residents. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; number injured not stated. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 50, 51, 52; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(g), 13","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 31"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0478","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Critical","headline":"Israeli airstrike on Nasser Hospital, Khan Younis: six killed, including a surgeon and a child, 20–30 wounded; Israel says it targeted a Hamas commander","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Khan Younis","place":"Nasser Hospital, Khan Younis","lat":31.346,"lon":34.304,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T23:27:58.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T15:31:32.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","health workers","children","patients"],"killed":[6,6],"injured":[20,30],"disputed":"Israel says it targeted a Hamas commander","cumulative":false,"sources":56,"links":["https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-12/news-1S09UuSga9a/share_amp.html","https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israeli-strike-on-southern-gaza-hospital-kills-four-gaza-civil-defence-says-12314800","https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-five-killed-in-israeli-airstrike-on-southern-gaza-officials-say/","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be8wW-2R94o","https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-airstrike-kills-6-palestinians-at-nasser-hospital-in-southern-gaza/4121545","https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckzd9p7e4eqeo","https://www.nytimes.com/2026/11/11/world/middleeast/nasser-hospital-gaza-strike-israel.html","https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/watch-least-six-palestinians-killed-israeli-attack-nasser-hospital","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/h2GwaHWoXHA","https://www.haaretz.com/gaza/2026-11-12/ty-article/.premium/israeli-strike-on-southern-gaza-hospital-kills-four-gaza-civil-defense-says/000001a1-ccf4-dd4d-a9b9-effea20d0001","https://abcnews.com/US/wireStory/gazas-health-ministry-israeli-strike-hospital-killed-6-138070085","https://www.facebook.com/APNews/posts/gazas-health-ministry-says-an-israeli-airstrike-on-a-hospital-has-killed-six-peo/1511459270841977/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians, health workers, children, patients; 6 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Geneva Conventions I, II and IV and Additional Protocol I, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Israel says it targeted a Hamas commander. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89, 135; Geneva Convention I (wounded and sick in the field, 1949), Arts 19, 24, 35-36; Geneva Convention II (wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, 1949), Arts 22, 36; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 32, 50, 59, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 12, 15, 21, 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 70-71, 75(2)(a), 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 39"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0545","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Two killed and more than 10 injured in an Israeli attack east of Deir al-Balah, Gaza (party-affiliated report)","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Deir al-Balah","place":"East of Deir al-Balah","lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T14:36:51.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T14:36:51.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons (status not stated)"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[10,null],"disputed":"Single party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; not independently confirmed","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277799"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces (attributed); victims persons (status not stated); 2 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; not independently confirmed. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0011","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Airstrike on the Mrauk-U Township Education Office kills two; later reports describe both as university students","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Rakhine","place":"Mrauk-U, Rakhine","lat":20.59,"lon":93.19,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T16:00:10.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T13:04:53.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","students"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":7,"links":["https://x.com/bnionline1/status/2118709906484425182/photo/1","https://x.com/hrd_nug/status/2119259451312210236","https://x.com/MyanmarWitness/status/2119702752074830164","https://x.com/MyanmarWitness/status/2119702752074830164/photo/1","https://banhmi11.fr/pubkasuy/","https://www.facebook.com/theirrawaddy/posts/myanmar-regime-airstrikes-killed-145-civilians-in-october-mdsinovember-11-2026my/1611028174385667/","https://www.instagram.com/p/DfpVbdNk1z4/","https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6af6a96a3b496a7072602e02","https://euro-burma.eu/junta-attacks-kill-15-women-in-arakan-49-nationwide-in-october-bwu/","https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-junta-airstrike-kills-two-university-students-in-historic-rakhine-town/","https://www.democrata.es/en/international/at-least-two-university-students-die-and-several-are-injured-in-an-air-strike-by-the-burmese-junta-in-rakhine/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians, students; 2 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 135; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(3), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0181","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Gunmen attack Plateau communities, killing five and injuring two","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Plateau","place":"Barkin Ladi and Riyom LGAs, Plateau","lat":9.53,"lon":8.9,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T09:39:44.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T09:34:03.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Gunmen (suspected bandits)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[5,5],"injured":[2,2],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":10,"links":["https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/nine-year-old-girl-found-dead-in-uncompleted-building-in-plateau","https://saharareporters.com/2026/11/08/30-year-old-woman-found-dead-gunshot-machete-wounds-plateau-community","https://crimefightersng.com/news/woman-found-dead-with-gunshot-wounds-machete-cuts-in-plateau","https://gazettengr.com/gunmen-attack-plateau-communities-kill-five-injure-two/","https://saharareporters.com/2026/11/09/five-killed-three-injured-terrorists-attack-two-plateau-communities","https://www.naijanews.com/2026/11/09/gunmen-kill-four/","https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/suspected-militias-kill-four-commuters-injure-two-in-plateau-ambush-soldier-among-dead","https://persecution.org/2026/11/10/no-arrests-after-muslim-gunmen-kill-6-in-plateau-attacks/","https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-soldier-3-civilians-in-plateau/","https://dailypost.ng/2026/11/09/suspected-militias-kill-four-soldier-commuters-injure-two-in-plateau-ambush/","https://thesun.ng/plateau-bleeds-again-as-gunmen-kill-soldier-4-others/","https://saharareporters.com/2026/11/10/gunmen-ambush-commuters-plateau-kill-four-persons-including-soldier-injure-others"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Gunmen (suspected bandits); victims civilians; 5 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Gunmen (suspected bandits)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0541","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Fulani community alleges 44 cattle killed in a Plateau community","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Plateau","place":null,"lat":9.1,"lon":8.7,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T09:34:03.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T09:34:03.000Z","types":["Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":null,"actor_type":"unknown","victims":null,"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Allegation by the affected community","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://dailypost.ng/2026/11/13/fulani-community-allege-killing-of-44-cows-in-plateau-community/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Allegation by the affected community. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 7, 50, 51, 52; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 4(2)(g) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0338","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli strikes and gunfire across Gaza on 10 Nov: four to six killed, including a father and child in Gaza City","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Gaza City","place":"Gaza City and elsewhere in Gaza","lat":31.5,"lon":34.47,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-10","first_reported":"2026-11-10T03:53:55.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T09:10:50.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","children"],"killed":[4,6],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":11,"links":["https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-09/news-1RVSAGrHMd2/p.html","https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-air-strike-kills-two-palestinians-including-child-gaza-city","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/VwO7xenOZd0","https://lufkindailynews.com/news_reuters/top_news/aftermath-of-tuesdays-israeli-airstrike-on-a-metal-foundry-in-gaza-city/image_e8e721ce-9a2b-564c-89ba-4c1d5b2719f9.html","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/10/israeli-attacks-kill-at-least-six-in-gaza-including-father-and-son","https://www.reflector.com/news/national/israeli-strikes-and-gunfire-in-gaza-kill-4-people-and-other-mideast-news/article_6dc8db9e-7892-56c6-a065-992cb0b31b98.html","https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2026/11/10/overnight-strikes-yemen-mideast-news/","https://www.dailyadvance.com/news/national/overnight-strikes-in-yemen-kill-at-least-1-person-and-injure-9-and-other-mideast/article_6efc2bd4-5d1f-52a9-8433-40a0ba7d0cc6.html","https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5339667-israeli-fire-kills-father-and-son-gaza-medics-say","https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5339667-israeli-fire-kills-seven-including-father-and-son-gaza-medics-say","https://www.haaretz.com/gaza/2026-11-10/ty-article/.premium/reports-from-gaza-child-among-three-killed-in-israeli-attacks/000001a1-c56d-dba2-a9f9-d57da0de0000","https://www.haaretz.com/gaza/2026-11-11/ty-article/.premium/israeli-fire-kills-at-least-6-in-gaza-medics-say-amid-stalled-cease-fire-talks/000001a1-cb1b-ddc9-abb7-cfdbf1940000"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians, children; 4-6 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 135; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 24, 27, 32, 50, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a), 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0538","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"NLTA report: Rakhine (Arakan) recorded the highest civilian death toll from mass-killing incidents in Myanmar in Q3 2026","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Rakhine","place":null,"lat":21.9,"lon":95.9,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T06:13:42.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T06:13:42.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Mass atrocity / genocide"],"perpetrator":null,"actor_type":"unknown","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Aggregate figures from a single monitoring report; per-incident detail not in the summary","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.dmediag.com/news/arhdt.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: victims civilians. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The report describes a massacre or mass killing. Beyond murder (Rule 89), the facts are checked against crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Art. 7) and, only if there is evidence of intent to destroy a protected group, genocide (Genocide Convention, Arts II-III; Rome Statute, Art. 6). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Aggregate figures from a single monitoring report; per-incident detail not in the summary. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 156; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 6, 7, 7(1)(a), 8, 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; Genocide Convention (1948), Arts II-III","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0537","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian drone strike in Sumy region kills two, according to a Ukrainian official","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Sumy","place":null,"lat":50.91,"lon":34.8,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T02:57:50.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T02:57:50.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons (status not stated)"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator citing a Ukrainian official","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277754"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces (attributed); victims persons (status not stated); 2 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator citing a Ukrainian official. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0506","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"School sheltering displaced people in Mrauk-U bombed again; six injured","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Rakhine","place":"School shelter, Mrauk-U, Rakhine","lat":20.59,"lon":93.19,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T20:21:06.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T02:15:57.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","displaced persons"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[6,6],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/bbasjtr020405/videos/breaking-news-myanmar-military-junta-carries-out-airstrike-on-chicken-market-sch/1624385999433556/","https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6af6718d3b496a70725e4251"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians, displaced persons; 0 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Additional Protocol II, Art. 17), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 129, 131, 132, 135; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(3), 13, 17","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(d), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0512","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Israel arrests Palestinian journalist Abed Abu Shehadeh","location":"Israel","subregion":null,"place":"Israel","lat":31.5,"lon":34.9,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-13T00:31:07.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-13T00:31:07.000Z","types":["Attacks on journalists","Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Israeli authorities (Shin Bet)","actor_type":"state","victims":["journalists"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.nytimes.com/2026/11/12/world/middleeast/israel-shin-bet-shehadeh-netanyahu.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict (Gaza, Lebanon); no regional human rights treaty","why":"Israel: Armed conflict (Gaza, Lebanon); no regional human rights treaty. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israeli authorities (Shin Bet); victims journalists; 0 killed. A journalist was reportedly harmed. Journalists are civilians and keep that protection (Rule 34; Additional Protocol I, Art. 79); human rights law adds freedom of expression (ICCPR, Art. 19). Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147). The alleged perpetrator (Israeli authorities (Shin Bet)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 34, 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention III (prisoners of war, 1949), Art. 4(A)(4); Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 79","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9, 14, 19; UN Security Council Resolution 2222 (2015); International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0472","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Series of attacks by an Islamic State affiliate in Mambasa territory, Ituri: 22–26 killed","location":"DR Congo","subregion":"Ituri","place":"Mambasa territory, Ituri","lat":1.36,"lon":29.05,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T20:20:32.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T23:58:28.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Islamic State affiliate (ADF)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[22,26],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://persecution.org/2026/11/12/at-least-26-killed-in-drcs-mambasa-territory-amid-ebola-crisis/","https://www.facebook.com/trtafrika/posts/at-least-22-people-were-killed-in-a-series-of-attacks-by-a-daesh-affiliate-in-ea/1123682303783904/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts; foreign involvement alleged (M23)","why":"DR Congo: Non-international armed conflicts; foreign involvement alleged (M23). So both sets of treaty rules are listed; which applies depends on the parties to this incident. Reported: alleged perpetrator Islamic State affiliate (ADF); victims civilians; 22-26 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Islamic State affiliate (ADF)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0089","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Air strike on al-Shariya village, Bani Hushaysh district, east of Sanaa: Houthi health officials' toll rose from 22–33 to 84 killed","location":"Yemen","subregion":"Sanaa","place":"al-Shariya, Bani Hushaysh district (east of Sanaa)","lat":15.42,"lon":44.33,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T09:31:43.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T22:45:53.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","market-goers"],"killed":[22,84],"injured":[39,39],"disputed":"Figures from Houthi health ministry and party-affiliated channels; toll rose over several days; attribution to the Saudi-led coalition by Houthi authorities","cumulative":false,"sources":27,"links":["https://www.wvnews.com/newsfeed/world/a-houthi-health-official-says-an-airstrike-has-killed-22-people-in-a-town-near/article_c98d68be-a6a8-5f7b-ad07-5737839b573d.html","https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/ap-top-news/2026/11/07/an-airstrike-has-killed-22-people-near-yemens-capital-houthi-official-says","https://x.com/arihoderyk/status/2119192073979175028","https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/279418876/houthi-media-says-27-killed-in-airstrikes-near-yemen-sanaa-saudi-led-coalition-intercepts-missile","https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/11/07/yemen-houthi-saudi-attacks/8f061d8c-daa2-11f1-930a-e08f8086f5ac_story.html","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wpDrwL8DBX0","https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/death-toll-air-strikes-near-yemeni-capital-rises-33-houthis-say","https://news.sky.com/story/at-least-27-people-killed-in-strike-near-yemens-capital-houthi-official-says-13609232","https://globalnews.ca/news/12141123/25-killed-yemen-airstrike/","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-zgTPecKSQ","https://nypost.com/2026/11/07/world-news/an-airstrike-has-killed-25-people-near-yemens-capital-houthi-official-says/","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/8/saudi-arabia-intercepts-houthi-missiles-targeting-riyadh-eastern-province"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims civilians, market-goers; 22-84 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Figures from Houthi health ministry and party-affiliated channels; toll rose over several days; attribution to the Saudi-led coalition by Houthi authorities. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0508","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli strikes kill three, including two brothers, in Gaza","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":null,"place":"Gaza","lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T21:50:11.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T21:50:11.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strikes-kill-three-people-including-two-brothers-gaza-medics-say-2026-11-11/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0536","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli drone strikes injure people in Khan Younis and Beit Lahia, per Gaza ambulance and emergency services","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":null,"place":null,"lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T21:49:33.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T21:49:33.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons (status not stated)"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; numbers not stated","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277743"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces (attributed); victims persons (status not stated). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator; numbers not stated. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(4)-(5), 52, 57","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0079","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Bandits kill 12 members of a family by setting their home ablaze in Zamfara and abduct others","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Zamfara","place":"Zamfara State","lat":12.17,"lon":6.25,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T08:15:14.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T21:27:35.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Abduction & hostage-taking","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Armed bandits","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","family members"],"killed":[11,12],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":30,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/ayeni.tajudeen/posts/bandits-kill-11-in-separate-attacks-on-zamfara-communities-abduct-residents-and-/10232371699903598/","https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/11/bandits-kill-12-family-members-abduct-others-in-zamfara/","https://dailypost.ng/2026/11/08/bandits-burn-12-family-members-to-death-in-zamfara-attack/","https://www.facebook.com/61550479860217/posts/zamfara-kidnapped-miner-pleads-for-help-as-bandits-slash-500m-ransom-to-300m-a-n/122347859354015995/","https://analyzernews.com/2026/11/08/tragedy-in-zamfara-as-twelve-family-members-burnt-to-death-by-bandits/","https://www.facebook.com/Arewasite/posts/bandits-have-released-a-new-video-of-the-jos-based-miner-kidnapped-in-zamfara-la/1662186865276719/","https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/twelve-killed-as-bandits-set-family-home-ablaze-in-nigeria-1.500740441","https://www.facebook.com/NigerianTribune/posts/12-family-members-burnt-to-death-others-kidnapped-in-zamfaraoperatives-of-the-ko/1590635126425863/","https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/bandits-kill-12-family-members-in-zamfara-kidnap-several-victims/","https://www.facebook.com/vanguardngr/posts/bandits-kill-12-family-members-abduct-others-in-zamfararead-full-story-in-commen/1643667627805683/","https://leadership.ng/bandits-burn-11-family-members-to-death-in-zamfara/","https://www.facebook.com/Biafranupdate/posts/fulani-bandits-have-released-a-new-video-of-the-jos-based-miner-kidnapped-in-zam/1749805893181404/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Armed bandits; victims civilians, family members; 11-12 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Armed bandits) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 50, 51, 52, 89, 96, 99; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(c), 4(2)(g), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(c)(iii), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Art. 35; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 6, 14; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Art. 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0503","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Japanese journalist detained by Russian authorities for a month","location":"Russia","subregion":null,"place":"Russia","lat":55.7,"lon":37.6,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T20:04:56.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T20:04:56.000Z","types":["Attacks on journalists","Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Russian authorities","actor_type":"state","victims":["journalists"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_S_787PqD4"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022","why":"Russia: International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian authorities; victims journalists; 0 killed. A journalist was reportedly harmed. Journalists are civilians and keep that protection (Rule 34; Additional Protocol I, Art. 79); human rights law adds freedom of expression (ICCPR, Art. 19). Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147). The alleged perpetrator (Russian authorities) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 34, 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention III (prisoners of war, 1949), Art. 4(A)(4); Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 79","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9, 14, 19; UN Security Council Resolution 2222 (2015); International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), only for acts before 16 Sep 2022"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0534","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Suspected Boko Haram fighters kill four residents and burn houses in Bitirhuya, Hong LGA, Adamawa","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Adamawa","place":"Bitirhuya, Hong LGA, Adamawa","lat":9.1,"lon":8.7,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T19:37:57.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T19:37:57.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Suspected Boko Haram","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["residents"],"killed":[4,4],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single source (TRT Afrika); attribution \"suspected\"","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.trtafrika.com/nigerian-pidgin/article/6032d20e0f45?utm_source=8dfc34f30b71&utm_medium=internal&utm_campaign=recommended&utm_content=inline"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Suspected Boko Haram; victims residents; 4 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Suspected Boko Haram) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single source (TRT Afrika); attribution \"suspected\". The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 50, 51, 52, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(g), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0493","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Suspected Berom militia attack on herders' livestock in Plateau: 44 cattle killed or injured","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Plateau","place":"Riyom LGA, Plateau","lat":9.63,"lon":8.75,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T14:46:57.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T19:28:07.000Z","types":["Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Suspected Berom militia","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["herders"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Livestock only; no human casualties reported","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://twaslnews1.twaslnews.com/7575915/","https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/6-cattle-killed-3-slaughtered-8-injured-as-suspected-berom-militia-attack-44-cattle-in-plateau"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Suspected Berom militia; victims herders; 0 killed. Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Suspected Berom militia) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Livestock only; no human casualties reported. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 7, 50, 51, 52; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 4(2)(g) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0375","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Israeli airstrike on a tent on hospital grounds in Gaza: four killed, 16 injured (10 Nov)","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":null,"place":"Hospital grounds, Gaza","lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":"2026-11-10","first_reported":"2026-11-10T13:18:56.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T19:10:48.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","displaced persons","patients"],"killed":[4,6],"injured":[16,28],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":4,"links":["https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/4-killed-16-injured-in-israeli-airstrike-on-tent-on-grounds-of-gaza-hospital/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwUE41Qlgw?lastViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwUE41Qlgw&position=1","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/_kZgnLSkzSQ","https://m.youtube.com/shorts/TL5vJu_Umps","https://news.sbs.co.kr/english/article.do?news_id=N1008843238","https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000011279442/gaza-israel-hospital-strike-khan-younis-nasser.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians, displaced persons, patients; 4-6 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Geneva Conventions I, II and IV and Additional Protocol I, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Geneva Convention IV, Art. 49), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89, 129, 131, 132; Geneva Convention I (wounded and sick in the field, 1949), Arts 19, 24, 35-36; Geneva Convention II (wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, 1949), Arts 22, 36; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 32, 49, 59, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 12, 15, 21, 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 70-71, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(d), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 26-27, 39"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0501","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Famine looming in four districts as hunger surges among children","location":"Yemen","subregion":null,"place":"Yemen (four districts)","lat":15.6,"lon":48,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T18:05:59.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T18:05:59.000Z","types":["Starvation & siege"],"perpetrator":"Not attributed","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["children","civilians"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Aggregate humanitarian report","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://yemenonline.info/index.php/special-reports/8279"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Not attributed; victims children, civilians. Starvation, siege or blocked relief was reported. Starving civilians as a method of warfare and attacking objects they need to survive are prohibited (Rules 53-54; Additional Protocol II, Art. 14), and parties must let relief through (Rule 55; Additional Protocol II, Art. 18). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Aggregate humanitarian report. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 53, 54, 55, 135; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(3), 14, 18(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(b)(xxv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(e)(vii), 8(2)(e)(xix)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 38"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0117","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Russian attack on Kyiv: one killed, seven wounded (12 Nov)","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Kyiv","place":"Kyiv","lat":50.45,"lon":30.52,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-12","first_reported":"2026-11-07T17:48:52.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T17:25:56.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[5,7],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":6,"links":["https://kyivindependent.com/russia-attacks-kyiv-with-ballistic-missiles-hours-after-peace-talks-end/","https://lufkindailynews.com/news_reuters/top_news/aftermath-of-a-russian-drone-attack-in-kyiv/image_50eea7cd-c5c0-5769-b986-3e49462a1d6a.html","https://www.democrata.es/en/international/a-dead-woman-and-five-injured-in-a-russian-bombardment-over-a-residential-neighborhood-of-kyiv/","https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/one-killed-seven-wounded-in-russian-attack-on-kyiv/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwMUxDN1NU","https://www.indiablooms.com/world/172-drones-36-missiles-russia-launches-massive-strike-on-ukraine-says-zelenskyy/details","https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-live-trump-putin-zelenskyy-energy-ceasefire-moscow-latest-russia-12541713?postid=12626021"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0497","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli strike on a vehicle outside Al-Shifa Hospital kills one, wounds several","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Gaza City","place":"Outside Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City","lat":31.52,"lon":34.44,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T16:09:46.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T16:09:46.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/one-said-killed-several-wounded-in-israeli-strike-on-vehicle-outside-gazas-shifa-hospital/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0494","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Amnesty: UN peacekeepers and authorities failed to protect civilians before the Abiemnom massacre","location":"South Sudan","subregion":"Abiemnom","place":"Abiemnom","lat":9.6,"lon":28.7,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T15:08:57.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T15:08:57.000Z","types":["Mass atrocity / genocide","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Insurgents (attack); UN and authorities (failure to protect)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[200,200],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Report on an earlier massacre, released this week","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.wral.com/news/ap/836a5-un-peacekeepers-failed-to-protect-civilians-before-south-sudan-massacre-amnesty-says/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict and intercommunal violence","why":"South Sudan: Non-international armed conflict and intercommunal violence. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Insurgents (attack); UN and authorities (failure to protect); victims civilians; 200 killed. The report describes a massacre or mass killing. Beyond murder (Rule 89), the facts are checked against crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Art. 7) and, only if there is evidence of intent to destroy a protected group, genocide (Genocide Convention, Arts II-III; Rome Statute, Art. 6). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Insurgents (attack); UN and authorities (failure to protect)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Report on an earlier massacre, released this week. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 156; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 6, 7, 7(1)(a), 8, 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"Genocide Convention (1948), Arts II-III; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0444","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Israel has detained 49 Syrians since Assad's fall; families still without answers","location":"Syria","subregion":null,"place":"Southern Syria (buffer zone)","lat":33.13,"lon":35.82,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T08:18:03.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T13:35:41.000Z","types":["Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["detainees"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Aggregate","cumulative":true,"sources":3,"links":["https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/2026-11-12/ty-article/israel-detained-dozens-of-syrians-their-families-still-await-answers/000001a1-cafc-dd4d-a9b9-ebfe63d20000","https://www.thespec.com/news/world/middle-east/israel-has-detained-dozens-of-syrians-families-are-desperate-for-answers/article_d4358726-606d-560a-9fe1-725d3d592982.html","https://apnews.com/article/syria-israel-arrests-raid-bufferzone-quneitra-325d1f9cc98096e54b5404f8f97873b0"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Several non-international conflicts with foreign involvement","why":"Syria: Several non-international conflicts with foreign involvement. So both sets of treaty rules are listed; which applies depends on the parties to this incident. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims detainees; 0 killed. Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147); or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4-5 set minimum guarantees for detainees. The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Aggregate. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4-5","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 9, 14; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0491","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Bandits demand N100m ransom for 15 abducted female students in Kaduna","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Kaduna","place":"Kaduna State","lat":10.52,"lon":7.44,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-12T12:51:50.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T12:51:50.000Z","types":["Abduction & hostage-taking"],"perpetrator":"Armed bandits","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["students","girls"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://leadership.ng/bandits-insist-on-n100m-ransom-to-release15-abducted-female-students-give-ultimatum/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Armed bandits; victims students, girls; 0 killed. People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Armed bandits) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 96, 99, 135; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(c), 4(3) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(iii), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 35, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 6; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Arts 22, 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0043","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Myanmar military airstrikes hit a Christian Bible school and a maternity clinic: three female students among up to 15 civilians killed, including a newborn (region given variously as Sagaing, Kayin and Shan)","location":"Myanmar","subregion":null,"place":"Myanmar (Sagaing, Kayin or Shan: reports differ)","lat":21.9,"lon":95.9,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T22:04:03.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T12:07:31.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","students","children","newborn","patients"],"killed":[3,15],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Region reported inconsistently; may combine two strikes","cumulative":false,"sources":11,"links":["https://www.christianpost.com/news/3-students-killed-in-myanmar-airstrike-on-christian-bible-school.html","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/YvORX50kRRA","https://www.globalarakannetwork.com/post/eight-killed-including-children-and-seven-injured-as-myanmar-junta-bombs-school-and-homes-in-kani","https://www.instagram.com/p/DfdA84LCvWp/","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ewcKDfME2A8","https://mychristiandaily.com/three-students-killed-in-military-airstrike-on-bible-school-in-myanmar/","https://www.barnabasaid.org/us/news/myanmar-military-drone-attack-kills-three-bible-school-students-in-karen/","https://www.christianitydaily.com/news/myanmar-military-airstrike-kills-3-students-at-bible-school.html","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/N8_H57zkkUs","https://www.instagram.com/reel/DfosXm6F6Sz/","https://www.instagram.com/p/DfmMfP3kUtg/","https://www.facebook.com/ThailandGirlsInterview/posts/three-young-women-were-killed-at-a-bible-school-just-across-the-border-the-wound/122194580198802732/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians, students, children, newborn, patients; 3-15 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Common Article 3(2) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 9-11 and 18, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Region reported inconsistently; may combine two strikes. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89, 135; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (2); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(3), 9, 11, 13, 13(2), 18","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0488","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"UN: more than 1,000 killed in Haiti between July and September","location":"Haiti","subregion":null,"place":"Haiti","lat":18.97,"lon":-72.3,"precision":"country","incident_date":"2026-07/09","first_reported":"2026-11-12T11:03:01.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T11:03:01.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Gangs and security forces","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1000,1000],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"UN quarterly figures","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/11/1168789"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Gang violence: whether it amounts to an armed conflict is contested","why":"Haiti: Gang violence: whether it amounts to an armed conflict is contested. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Gangs and security forces; victims civilians; 1000 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: UN quarterly figures. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"American Convention on Human Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0475","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Two herdsmen and 16 cattle killed in attack on an Enugu community; army, police and DSS open probe","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Enugu","place":"Obelagu Umuamba, Ezeagu LGA, Enugu","lat":6.43,"lon":7.25,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T20:55:28.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T08:32:05.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Unidentified attackers","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["herders"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":3,"links":["https://x.com/ZagazOlaMakama/status/2120614641633997295/photo/2","https://saharareporters.com/2026/11/11/two-herdsmen-16-cattle-killed-attack-enugu-community-army-police-dss-launch-probe","https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1198547975835280&set=a.112840081072747&type=3","https://www.facebook.com/groups/467949200510708/posts/2126989781273300/","https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/two-fulani-herdsmen-16-cows-killed-in-attack-on-enugu-community-as-joint-troops-launch-investigation"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Unidentified attackers; victims herders; 2 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Unidentified attackers) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 50, 51, 52, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(g), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0459","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian strike on Chornomorsk market, Odesa Oblast: four killed, 11 injured","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Odesa","place":"Chornomorsk market, Odesa Oblast","lat":46.3,"lon":30.65,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T13:24:28.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T06:36:23.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","market-goers"],"killed":[3,4],"injured":[8,11],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://kyivindependent.com/russian-strike-on-crowded-market-in-odesa-oblast-kills-at-least-3-injures-8/","https://zmina.info/en/news-en/four-killed-and-11-injured-in-russian-strike-on-chornomorsk-market-in-odesa-oblast/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians, market-goers; 3-4 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0428","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli strikes hit a tent camp in Gaza, five killed","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":null,"place":"Al-Nasr neighbourhood, Gaza City","lat":31.53,"lon":34.46,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-11","first_reported":"2026-11-11T02:27:08.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-12T05:10:37.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","displaced persons"],"killed":[2,5],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":3,"links":["https://www.youtube.com/shorts/YYReGcWGhmU","https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ityqYYhHBvA","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/11/israeli-strikes-hit-tent-camp-as-five-killed-in-gaza","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zf-LDdZoOuY","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgpm9PyXnSg","https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/displaced-palestinians-who-fled-their-houses-due-to-israeli-strikes-shelter-in-a-tent-camp-in-rafah/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX1JDMkxKNkFVQU8zVw?lastViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjQ6bmV3c21sX1JDMjBSNUE4NTlBSw&position=1"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians, displaced persons; 2-5 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Geneva Convention IV, Art. 49), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 129, 131, 132; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 49, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(d), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 26-27"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0526","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Houthi-aligned media report 1,100 killed and wounded in Saudi attacks on Yemen (cumulative)","location":"Yemen","subregion":null,"place":null,"lat":15.6,"lon":48,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T22:53:34.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T22:53:34.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Party-affiliated figure (Fars News); period and source of the count not stated","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/Farsna/473981"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims civilians. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Party-affiliated figure (Fars News); period and source of the count not stated. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0477","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Three Baluch civilians reportedly killed by Iranian security forces","location":"Iran","subregion":"Sistan-Baluchestan","place":"Near Zahedan, Sistan-Baluchestan","lat":29.5,"lon":60.86,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-11","first_reported":"2026-11-11T22:25:39.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T22:25:39.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Iranian security forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","Baluch"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Source: NCRI (opposition)","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/society/three-baluch-civilians-reportedly-killed-as-irans-intelligence-dispute-labor-unrest-and-economic-pressures-deepen/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict","why":"Iran: Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Iranian security forces; victims civilians, Baluch; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Iranian security forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Source: NCRI (opposition). The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0458","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Ukrainian drone attack on Belgorod region kills one civilian and injures two","location":"Russia","subregion":"Belgorod","place":"Belgorod Oblast","lat":50.6,"lon":36.59,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T13:11:18.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T21:36:20.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Ukrainian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[2,2],"disputed":"Russian official figures","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-11/news-1RZolcJNAzK/share_amp.html","https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-11/news-1RYR480IOdO/p.html","https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2026/11/11/ukrainian-drones-kill-2-in-western-smolensk-region-as-baltics-and-finland-issue-air-alerts-a94226"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022","why":"Russia: International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Ukrainian armed forces; victims civilians; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Ukrainian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Russian official figures. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), only for acts before 16 Sep 2022"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0350","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Reports of torture and ill-treatment of Palestinian detainees in Israeli custody: electroshock weapons, rape threats, food denial; 9,200 held","location":"Israel","subregion":null,"place":"Israeli detention facilities","lat":31.5,"lon":34.9,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T05:48:11.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T17:02:58.000Z","types":["Torture & ill-treatment","Sexual & gender-based violence","Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Israeli Prison Service and military detention","actor_type":"state","victims":["detainees"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Allegations from detainees and rights groups","cumulative":true,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.aol.co.uk/articles/tied-tortured-israel-using-us-040005000.html","https://maktoobmedia.com/public/index.php/post?id=116904&slug=threatened-with-rape-denied-food-israel-holds-9200-palestinians-in-harshest-conditions-rights-group-says"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict (Gaza, Lebanon); no regional human rights treaty","why":"Israel: Armed conflict (Gaza, Lebanon); no regional human rights treaty. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israeli Prison Service and military detention; victims detainees. Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Geneva Conventions III and IV, where torture is a grave breach) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). Sexual or gender-based violence was reported. It is prohibited in all armed conflicts (Rule 93; Geneva Convention IV, Art. 27(2); Additional Protocol I, Arts 75-76) and rape and other sexual violence can be war crimes and crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Arts 7(1)(g), 8(2)(b)(xxii), 8(2)(e)(vi)). Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147). The alleged perpetrator (Israeli Prison Service and military detention) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Allegations from detainees and rights groups. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 90, 93, 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention I (wounded and sick in the field, 1949), Arts 12, 50; Geneva Convention II (wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, 1949), Arts 12, 51; Geneva Convention III (prisoners of war, 1949), Arts 14, 17, 87, 130; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27(2), 32, 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 75(2)(a)(ii), 75(2)(b), 76","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 7(1)(f), 7(1)(g), 8(2)(a)(ii), 8(2)(b)(xxii), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(vi)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 7, 9, 14; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1, 1-2, 16; UN Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), General Recommendations 19 and 30; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0468","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Junta attacks kill civilians, including a child, along the Kachin–Sagaing border","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Sagaing","place":"Maw Luu area, Kachin–Sagaing border","lat":24.3,"lon":96,"precision":"district","incident_date":"2026-11-09","first_reported":"2026-11-11T16:50:30.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T16:50:30.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","children"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.crphsupportgroup.no/post/myanmar-junta-attacks-kill-civilians-including-child-along-kachin-sagaing-border"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians, children. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 135; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(3), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0365","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Ecuadorian journalist Tomás Beltrán Conforme, who denounced government corruption, killed","location":"Ecuador","subregion":null,"place":"Ecuador","lat":-1.8,"lon":-78.2,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T11:08:26.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T14:34:53.000Z","types":["Attacks on journalists","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Unknown attackers","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["journalists"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://cpj.org/2026/11/ecuador-journalist-tomas-beltran-conforme-who-denounced-local-government-corruption-killed/","https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/nov/11/ecuador-journalist-killing"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Government declared an 'internal armed conflict' in 2024; contested","why":"Ecuador: Government declared an 'internal armed conflict' in 2024; contested. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Unknown attackers; victims journalists; 1 killed. A journalist was reportedly harmed. Journalists are civilians and keep that protection (Rule 34; Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II, Art. 13); human rights law adds freedom of expression (ICCPR, Art. 19). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 34, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 19; UN Security Council Resolution 2222 (2015)","regional":"American Convention on Human Rights, Arts 4, 13"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0412","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"RSF drone strike kills nine civilians in Blue Nile state","location":"Sudan","subregion":"Blue Nile","place":"Blue Nile State","lat":11.8,"lon":34.38,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T21:39:11.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T11:40:08.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Rapid Support Forces (RSF)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[9,9],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/9-civilians-killed-in-rsf-drone-attack-in-sudans-blue-nile-state-official/4118540","https://www.facebook.com/AddisstandardEng/posts/daily_brief-rsf-drone-strike-kills-nine-civilians-in-sudans-blue_nile-regionaddi/1571155931716304/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF)","why":"Sudan: Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Rapid Support Forces (RSF); victims civilians; 9 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Rapid Support Forces (RSF)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0454","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Massive Russian drone attack on Zhytomyr region; four injured","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Zhytomyr","place":"Zhytomyr Oblast","lat":50.25,"lon":28.66,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T11:07:40.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T11:14:02.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[4,4],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/1234465-amp.html","https://ua.news/en/war-vs-rf/rosiia-masovano-atakuvala-zhitomirshchinu-dronami-chetvero-postrazhdalikh"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians; 0 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(4)-(5), 52, 57","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0523","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli drone strike in the al-Nasr neighbourhood, west of Gaza City, kills one and wounds others, per Al-Shifa Medical Complex","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Gaza City","place":"al-Nasr neighbourhood, Gaza City","lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T08:17:41.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T08:17:41.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons (status not stated)"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator citing the hospital","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277491"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces (attributed); victims persons (status not stated); 1 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Relayed by a party-affiliated Telegram aggregator citing the hospital. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0337","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"More than 50,000 displaced by deadly clashes on the Oromia–Benishangul-Gumuz border (Al Jazeera)","location":"Ethiopia","subregion":"Benishangul-Gumuz","place":"Oromia–Benishangul-Gumuz border","lat":9.9,"lon":35.3,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T02:13:23.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T07:00:13.000Z","types":["Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Parties to border clashes","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["displaced persons"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":true,"sources":6,"links":["https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/ethiopia-border-violence-displaces-over-50000-families-flee-to-kenya/articleshow/135696719.cms","https://76crimes.com/2026/11/09/fleeing-conflict-in-ethiopia-lgbt-refugees-find-violence-in-kenya-and-s-sudan/","https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/11/1168762","https://gayexpress.co.nz/2026/11/lgbtq-refugees-fleeing-ethiopia-face-violence-and-discrimination-in-search-of-safety/","https://addisstandard.com/food-shortages-hit-71-of-ethiopian-families-displaced-into-kenyas-moyale/","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/9/more-than-50000-displaced-by-deadly-ethiopia-border-clashes"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia)","why":"Ethiopia: Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Parties to border clashes; victims displaced persons. Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Additional Protocol II, Art. 17), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 129, 131, 132; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 17","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(d), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33","regional":"African Union Kampala Convention on internally displaced persons (2009); African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 12"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0522","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Ukrainian drone attack on Smolensk region, Russia, kills two, according to the regional governor","location":"Russia","subregion":"Smolensk","place":null,"lat":54.78,"lon":32.05,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T06:28:47.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T06:28:47.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Ukrainian armed forces (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons (status not stated)"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Claim by Russian regional governor relayed by a party-affiliated aggregator; victims' status not stated","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://t.me/s/S0nia10/277482"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022","why":"Russia: International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Ukrainian armed forces (attributed); victims persons (status not stated); 2 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Ukrainian armed forces (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Claim by Russian regional governor relayed by a party-affiliated aggregator; victims' status not stated. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), only for acts before 16 Sep 2022"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0226","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Military bombing in Kani Township, Sagaing, without warning: 10–11 civilians killed","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Sagaing","place":"Kani Township, Sagaing","lat":22.43,"lon":94.83,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T19:47:07.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T06:09:25.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[10,11],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":6,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/RFAEnglish/posts/11-killed-in-myanmar-military-bombing-in-sagaing/1677966864368054/","https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-military-airstrikes-on-schools-in-sagaing-kill-11/","https://euro-burma.eu/no-internet-no-advance-warning-11-killed-in-myanmar-military-bombing-in-sagaing/","https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/6af35cf83b496a70724522fd","https://www.facebook.com/DVBEnglish/posts/at-least-eight-civilians-were-killed-in-three-attacks-from-three-regime-gyrocopt/1479956860895729/","https://x.com/CrphMyanmar/status/2119055878792114305"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians; 10-11 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0351","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Israeli forces kill a 14-year-old Palestinian boy during a raid in the occupied West Bank","location":"Palestine (West Bank)","subregion":null,"place":"Occupied West Bank","lat":31.95,"lon":35.25,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T06:17:32.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T04:24:20.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Israeli security forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["children"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":8,"links":["https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/israeli-forces-push-palestinian-protesters-away-from-farmland-in-west-bank/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwMzlORFdZ?lastViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjU6bmV3c21sX01UMUFOQURMMDAwMzlORERZ&position=2","https://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-forces-detain-7-palestinians-in-west-bank-close-community-association-in-jerusalem/4118785","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/10/israeli-forces-kill-14-year-old-palestinian-boy-in-occupied-west-bank","https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2026-11-10/ty-article/.premium/palestinian-teen-killed-by-idf-during-raid-in-west-bank-health-ministry-says/000001a1-c448-df80-a9e3-e6fced900000","https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-914432","https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqpvgv318yyeo","https://kuwaittimes.com/article/53391/world/zionist-forces-shoot-dead-14-year-old-boy-in-west-bank/amp","https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/11/10/jerusalem-daily-14-year-old-killed-in-west-bank-raid"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Belligerent occupation (GC IV, Hague Regulations)","why":"Palestine (West Bank): Belligerent occupation (GC IV, Hague Regulations). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israeli security forces; victims children; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Israeli security forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0041","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Critical","headline":"Russian strike on an aid distribution point in a school in Komyshuvakha, Zaporizhzhia: death toll reported at 53","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Zaporizhzhia","place":"Komyshuvakha, Zaporizhzhia Oblast","lat":47.73,"lon":35.55,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-02","first_reported":"2026-11-06T21:48:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T02:54:03.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","aid recipients","rescue workers"],"killed":[53,53],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Toll per Ukrainian authorities; recovery site reportedly struck again","cumulative":false,"sources":11,"links":["https://x.com/anno1540/status/2118971151246389638","https://burgasmedia.com/news/gur-ustanovi-koi-ruski-voenni-bombardiraha-uchilishte-v-komishuvaha?lang=en","https://united24media.com/war-in-ukraine/ukraine-names-russian-su-34-pilots-behind-double-tap-bomb-attack-on-school-that-killed-at-least-55-24160","https://x.com/marcosagusstinn/status/2119542516496412874","https://khpg.org/en/1608816205","https://nypost.com/2026/11/08/world-news/russia-strikes-ukraine-emergency-rescue-shelter-again/","https://x.com/DylanBurns1776/status/2120084518895792536","https://www.cnn.com/2026/11/10/world/video/ukrainian-bodycam-captures-moment-russian-bomb-strikes-shelter","https://x.com/AdamGenesisEden/status/2118853425899229243","https://x.com/ReceiptsMatter/status/2118878602804772993","https://x.com/DanaSLJL/status/2119497319301206278","https://x.com/throught_hills/status/2118822763582648335"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians, aid recipients, rescue workers; 53 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Geneva Conventions I, II and IV and Additional Protocol I, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Toll per Ukrainian authorities; recovery site reportedly struck again. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89, 135; Geneva Convention I (wounded and sick in the field, 1949), Arts 19, 24, 35-36; Geneva Convention II (wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, 1949), Arts 22, 36; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 32, 50, 59, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 12, 15, 21, 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 70-71, 75(2)(a), 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0420","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Reported death of a Uyghur woman detained since the age of 14","location":"China","subregion":"Xinjiang","place":"Xinjiang","lat":41.75,"lon":87.62,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-11T01:09:20.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-11T02:36:14.000Z","types":["Arbitrary detention & disappearance","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Chinese authorities","actor_type":"state","victims":["detainees","Uyghurs"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Reported death","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/11/10/reported-death-of-uyghur-woman-detained-since-age-14","https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/11/11/reported-death-of-uyghur-woman-detained-since-age-14"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":null,"why":"China: No known armed conflict, so IHL and war crimes do not apply and human rights law governs. Reported: alleged perpetrator Chinese authorities; victims detainees, Uyghurs; 1 killed. Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147); or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4-5 set minimum guarantees for detainees. Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Chinese authorities) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. Caveat recorded: Reported death. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":null,"icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 7(1)(h)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 9, 14, 19, 21, 22, 26; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0414","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Explosive remnants of war kill four children in Syria in less than a week","location":"Syria","subregion":null,"place":"Syria","lat":34.8,"lon":38.99,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T22:14:53.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T22:49:35.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Explosive remnants of war","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["children"],"killed":[4,4],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.arabnews.com/middle-east/explosive-remnants-of-war-kill-4-children-in-syria-in-less-than-a-week-save-the-children-3011006","https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/media-and-news/2026-press-releases/syria-four-children-killed-landmines-less-week"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Several non-international conflicts with foreign involvement","why":"Syria: Several non-international conflicts with foreign involvement. So both sets of treaty rules are listed; which applies depends on the parties to this incident. Reported: alleged perpetrator Explosive remnants of war; victims children; 4 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; or in a non-international conflict Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 135; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 24, 27, 32, 50, 147; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a), 77-78; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(3), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0407","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Bahrain: Shia clerics face mass trial marred by torture allegations and fair-trial violations","location":"Bahrain","subregion":null,"place":"Bahrain","lat":26,"lon":50.55,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T20:32:25.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T20:32:25.000Z","types":["Torture & ill-treatment","Arbitrary detention & disappearance","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Bahraini authorities","actor_type":"state","victims":["detainees","clerics"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/11/10/bahrain-shia-clerics-face-mass-trial-marred-by-torture-allegations-and-grave-fair"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":null,"why":"Bahrain: No known armed conflict, so IHL and war crimes do not apply and human rights law governs. Reported: alleged perpetrator Bahraini authorities; victims detainees, clerics; 0 killed. Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Geneva Conventions III and IV, where torture is a grave breach; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(a)) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147); or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4-5 set minimum guarantees for detainees. Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Bahraini authorities) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict.","ihl":null,"icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 7(1)(f), 7(1)(h)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 7, 9, 14, 19, 21, 22, 26; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1-2, 16; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 3, 8, 14, 24, 32"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0208","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian strike on a critical infrastructure facility in Dnipro: three killed, four injured","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Dnipro","place":"Dnipro","lat":48.46,"lon":35.05,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T17:01:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T19:41:42.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","workers"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[4,4],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/UkraineEvidence/status/2119475365773234256","https://x.com/UkraineEvidence/status/2119837752011440578","https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/11/10/8062182/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians, workers; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0088","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Seven-year-old American girl killed in Mexico; authorities investigate whether gunfire from a police helicopter was responsible","location":"Mexico","subregion":null,"place":"Tamaulipas","lat":24.27,"lon":-98.84,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T11:21:51.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T19:34:53.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Mexican police (under investigation)","actor_type":"state","victims":["children"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Police helicopter gunfire alleged by family; investigation ongoing","cumulative":false,"sources":5,"links":["https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/11/09/7-year-old-american-girl-killed-mexico-authorities-probe-police-involvement/","https://abc30.com/post/matamoros-shooting-claudia-pardo-garca-says-helicopter-gunfire-killed-7-year-old-daughter-aranza-during-mexico-cartel-operation/20030616/","https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/immigration/border-coverage/cartels/american-girl-killed-gunfire-mexico-cartel/","https://foxsanantonio.com/news/yami-investigates/exclusive-7-year-old-american-girl-killed-by-gunfire-from-mexican-police-helicopter","http://www.bangkokpost.com/world/3350616/american-child-killed-by-mexican-police-gunfire"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Cartel violence: classification contested","why":"Mexico: Cartel violence: classification contested. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Mexican police (under investigation); victims children; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Mexican police (under investigation)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Police helicopter gunfire alleged by family; investigation ongoing. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"American Convention on Human Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0394","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"HRW: India must stop torture and police violence against young protesters","location":"India","subregion":null,"place":"India","lat":22,"lon":79,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T17:02:08.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T17:02:08.000Z","types":["Torture & ill-treatment","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Indian police","actor_type":"state","victims":["protesters","young people"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Advocacy statement","cumulative":true,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.omct.org/en/resources/statements/india-stop-torture-and-police-violence-against-young-protesters"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Manipur and Kashmir incidents generally assessed under IHRL","why":"India: Manipur and Kashmir incidents generally assessed under IHRL. So IHL and war crimes do not apply and human rights law governs. Reported: alleged perpetrator Indian police; victims protesters, young people. Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Geneva Conventions III and IV, where torture is a grave breach; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(a)) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Indian police) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. Caveat recorded: Advocacy statement. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":null,"icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(f), 7(1)(h)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 7, 19, 21, 22, 26; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1-2, 16; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0087","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Three Palestinian civilians, including a young child, killed by Israeli fire, including in Bureij camp (6 Nov)","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":"Bureij","place":"Bureij camp and elsewhere in Gaza","lat":31.44,"lon":34.4,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-06","first_reported":"2026-11-07T11:13:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T13:19:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Israel Defense Forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","children"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://x.com/swilkinsonbc/status/2119025321722732576","https://x.com/gazanotice/status/2119451454117237045","https://x.com/swilkinsonbc/status/2119490474943672347","https://x.com/mughayirPal/status/2119495329339122166","https://x.com/swilkinsonbc/status/2119514493709414405","https://x.com/mughayirPal/status/2119843153201041811","https://x.com/swilkinsonbc/status/2120144236284870828"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israel Defense Forces; victims civilians, children; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Israel Defense Forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 135; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 24, 27, 32, 50, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a), 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0373","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"At least five journalists arrested or attacked while covering the olive harvest in the West Bank","location":"Palestine (West Bank)","subregion":null,"place":"Occupied West Bank","lat":31.95,"lon":35.25,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T12:57:11.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T12:57:11.000Z","types":["Attacks on journalists","Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Israeli forces and settlers","actor_type":"state","victims":["journalists"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/israel-palestine-at-least-five-journalists-arrested-or-attacked-while-covering-the-olive-harvest-in-the-occupied-west-bank"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Belligerent occupation (GC IV, Hague Regulations)","why":"Palestine (West Bank): Belligerent occupation (GC IV, Hague Regulations). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Israeli forces and settlers; victims journalists; 0 killed. A journalist was reportedly harmed. Journalists are civilians and keep that protection (Rule 34; Additional Protocol I, Art. 79); human rights law adds freedom of expression (ICCPR, Art. 19). Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147). The alleged perpetrator (Israeli forces and settlers) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 34, 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention III (prisoners of war, 1949), Art. 4(A)(4); Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 79","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9, 14, 19; UN Security Council Resolution 2222 (2015); International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 14, 32"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0046","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Armed attack in Assosa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz (5 Nov): 52–105 killed reported; civilian and militia breakdown disputed","location":"Ethiopia","subregion":"Benishangul-Gumuz","place":"Assosa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz","lat":10.07,"lon":34.53,"precision":"district","incident_date":"2026-11-05","first_reported":"2026-11-06T22:22:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T11:53:51.000Z","types":["Mass atrocity / genocide","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Unidentified armed men","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","militia members"],"killed":[52,105],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"One count: 21 civilians, 31 militia; totals disputed","cumulative":false,"sources":7,"links":["https://x.com/ConsulateC84706/status/2118831351679873399","https://x.com/hornafricanguy/status/2118959037999981005","https://x.com/SandraXFreedom/status/2119183689284243460","https://x.com/GutuG18/status/2119321307728752740","https://x.com/addisstandard/status/2119796187255414858","https://www.facebook.com/AddisstandardEng/posts/video_news-more-than-65-killed-in-armed-attack-in-benishangul_gumuzs-assosa-zone/1569342378564326/","https://x.com/GirmaTelk/status/2120083161996505390","https://x.com/merejatv/status/2120057799933669800","https://x.com/thuokolock/status/2119678322137272548","https://www.facebook.com/dne.africa/posts/deadly-assault-leaves-more-than-65-killed-in-ethiopias-benishangul-gumuz-more-th/122315891522025033/","https://x.com/MBahiri10610/status/2119148229464105471","https://x.com/GutuG18/status/2119396124943409569"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia)","why":"Ethiopia: Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Unidentified armed men; victims civilians, militia members; 52-105 killed. The report describes a massacre or mass killing. Beyond murder (Rule 89), the facts are checked against crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Art. 7) and, only if there is evidence of intent to destroy a protected group, genocide (Genocide Convention, Arts II-III; Rome Statute, Art. 6). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Unidentified armed men) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: One count: 21 civilians, 31 militia; totals disputed. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 156; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 6, 7, 7(1)(a), 8, 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"Genocide Convention (1948), Arts II-III; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0352","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Three children killed as heavy rains batter displaced families in Gaza (UNICEF)","location":"Palestine (Gaza)","subregion":null,"place":"Gaza","lat":31.4,"lon":34.4,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T07:00:02.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T07:00:02.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Not attributed (conditions of displacement)","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["children","displaced persons"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/three-children-killed-heavy-rains-batter-displaced-families-gaza-unicef"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel","why":"Palestine (Gaza): Armed conflict and occupation law; classification disputed by Israel. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Not attributed (conditions of displacement); victims children, displaced persons; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Geneva Convention IV, Art. 49), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 129, 131, 132, 135; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 24, 27, 32, 49, 50, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a), 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(d), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 26-27"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0325","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Reported strike on an elementary school in Minab, Iran: US Rep. Massie cites at least 156 civilians killed, including 120 children (date and attribution unverified)","location":"Iran","subregion":"Minab","place":"Minab, Hormozgan","lat":27.15,"lon":57.08,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T19:45:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T04:50:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Unattributed in reports","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["civilians","children","students"],"killed":[156,170],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Figures cited by US Rep. Massie; date and attribution unverified","cumulative":true,"sources":3,"links":["https://x.com/Acyn/status/2119879137548788195","https://x.com/NewsNowUS/status/2119879265391096286","https://x.com/WeaponizedNews/status/2120016256925335559","https://x.com/UnboundedVoice/status/2119970386213282202"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict","why":"Iran: Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Unattributed in reports; victims civilians, children, students; 156-170 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(3); Convention on the Rights of the Child). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Figures cited by US Rep. Massie; date and attribution unverified. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 135; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(3), 13, 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0336","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Houthi drone strike in Taiz kills an ambulance driver and injures a medic","location":"Yemen","subregion":"Taiz","place":"Taiz Governorate","lat":13.58,"lon":44.02,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-10T01:44:57.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T01:44:57.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid"],"perpetrator":"Houthi forces (Ansar Allah)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["health workers"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[1,1],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://ftp.khabaragency.net/news254606.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Houthi forces (Ansar Allah); victims health workers; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Common Article 3(2) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 9-11 and 18, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). The alleged perpetrator (Houthi forces (Ansar Allah)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (2); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 9, 11, 13, 13(2), 18","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Arts 5, 39"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0132","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"More than 200 young people detained in a Moscow raid; detainees report beatings and draft notices","location":"Russia","subregion":"Moscow","place":"Central Moscow","lat":55.75,"lon":37.62,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T21:37:36.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T00:20:32.000Z","types":["Arbitrary detention & disappearance","Torture & ill-treatment"],"perpetrator":"Russian police","actor_type":"state","victims":["young people","detainees"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://mezha.net/eng/news/mezha-0b3d75ccb2bd647dfdde6fcb_more_than_200/","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2beEtGnlPU"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022","why":"Russia: International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian police; victims young people, detainees; 0 killed. Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; unlawful confinement of protected civilians is a grave breach (Geneva Convention IV, Art. 147). Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Geneva Conventions III and IV, where torture is a grave breach) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). The alleged perpetrator (Russian police) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 90, 98, 99, 117, 123; Geneva Convention I (wounded and sick in the field, 1949), Arts 12, 50; Geneva Convention II (wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea, 1949), Arts 12, 51; Geneva Convention III (prisoners of war, 1949), Arts 17, 87, 130; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 32, 42-43, 78, 106-107, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 75(2)(a)(ii)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(e), 7(1)(f), 8(2)(a)(ii), 8(2)(c)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 7, 9, 14; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1-2, 16","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), only for acts before 16 Sep 2022"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0265","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Ambush near Jos, Plateau: four killed, including a soldier","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Plateau","place":"Near Jos / Barkin Ladi, Plateau","lat":9.7,"lon":8.9,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T08:34:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-10T00:02:20.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Suspected armed group","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","commuters","soldier"],"killed":[4,5],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":3,"links":["https://x.com/masskeemz/status/2119710130719642038","https://www.facebook.com/masara.kim.usman/videos/at-least-five-people-including-a-soldier-were-killed-in-separate-attacks-sunday-/1781428066412171/","https://x.com/originalproflle/status/2119786433850335696","https://x.com/SethTuka/status/2119840387644674503","https://x.com/Pressman2040/status/2119895860599308546","https://parallelfactsnews.com/terrorists-kill-four-including-soldier/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Suspected armed group; victims civilians, commuters, soldier; 4-5 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Suspected armed group) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0007","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Airstrike on a residence in Mrauk-U kills a pregnant woman and injures 10 civilians","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Rakhine","place":"Mrauk-U, Rakhine","lat":20.59,"lon":93.19,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:48:12.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T20:21:39.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","pregnant woman"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[10,10],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":5,"links":["https://www.crphsupportgroup.no/post/junta-airstrike-kills-pregnant-woman-injures-12-in-mrauk-u-village","https://www.crphsupportgroup.no/post/pregnant-woman-killed-10-civilians-injured-in-myanmar-military-airstrike-on-mrauk-u-residence","https://x.com/ArakanBaynews/status/2118760147845894384","https://www.facebook.com/BNIBurmaNewsInternational/posts/tragedy-in-myanmar-a-junta-airstrike-in-rakhines-mrauk-u-killed-a-pregnant-woman/1568806801931297/","https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=i6H0HpH1Z7s","https://x.com/Myanmar_Now_Eng/status/2119695831926497294","https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/myanmar-military-airstrike-in-mrauk-u-kills-pregnant-woman/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians, pregnant woman; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0002","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Critical","headline":"Drone strike kills 12 civilians collecting grain in Tigray; ACLED suspects the Ethiopian army","location":"Ethiopia","subregion":"Tigray","place":"Tigray","lat":13.5,"lon":39.47,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:09:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T18:59:15.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Ethiopian National Defence Force (suspected, per ACLED)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[12,12],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Perpetrator suspected, not confirmed","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/YourAnonCentral/status/2118722503141126432","https://x.com/kenyaaxis/status/2119151651449868589","https://x.com/thuokolock/status/2119329485161943474","https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/drone-strike-kills-12-civilians-collecting-grain-in-ethiopia-s-tigray-region"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia)","why":"Ethiopia: Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Ethiopian National Defence Force (suspected, per ACLED); victims civilians; 12 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Ethiopian National Defence Force (suspected, per ACLED)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Perpetrator suspected, not confirmed. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0175","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian drone strike in Kharkiv puts a 2-year-old child in intensive care","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Kharkiv","place":"Kharkiv","lat":49.99,"lon":36.23,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T08:47:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T18:23:42.000Z","types":["Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["children","civilians"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[1,1],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":3,"links":["https://x.com/UnknownNewsMan/status/2119351018911629753","https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/11/08/8061786/","https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/massive-russian-drone-attack-on-kharkiv/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX01UMU5VUlBITzAwMEhBVDMzNw?lastViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX01UMVNJUEEwMDBZWEtYUUE&position=2","https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/11/09/8061958/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims children, civilians; 0 killed. The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Children are reported among those affected, so their special protection is added (Rule 135; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 24 and 50; Additional Protocol I, Arts 77-78; Convention on the Rights of the Child). The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 135; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 24, 50; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 77-78","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xxvi), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(vii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Arts 6, 38; Optional Protocol to the CRC on children in armed conflict","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0129","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Critical","headline":"Ten airstrikes reported on residential buildings in Al-Eisi, Hodeidah, attributed to Saudi warplanes (Al Mayadeen)","location":"Yemen","subregion":"Hodeidah","place":"Al-Eisi, Hodeidah","lat":14.8,"lon":42.95,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T20:33:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T17:46:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","women","children"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[2,2],"disputed":"Single partisan source (Al Mayadeen)","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/HosamLion231523/status/2119166496677175406","https://x.com/YemenEnglish_ye/status/2119185488670261362","https://x.com/r0_oem/status/2119185932955902377","https://x.com/jamilat_alshari/status/2119195528873607175","https://x.com/hamam_lnahmi/status/2119195530278338871","https://x.com/Tawfiq_Zaid2/status/2119195810445598924","https://x.com/Gh2_xz/status/2119195831861485914","https://x.com/abohosin2024/status/2119204084939194474","https://x.com/mohseinsufian/status/2119204876400160769","https://www.thedailystar.net/news/world/news/houthis-say-33-killed-saudi-strikes-yemens-sanaa-province-4318131","https://x.com/MayadeenEnglish/status/2119502828477854043","https://x.com/MayadeenEnglish/status/2119547666723959152"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims civilians, women, children. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single partisan source (Al Mayadeen). The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0004","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Gunmen kill at least 34 Orthodox Christian civilians in Endeto, Robe district, Arsi zone, Oromia; 40 bodies reported buried in a mass grave","location":"Ethiopia","subregion":"Oromia","place":"Endeto, Robe district, Arsi zone, Oromia","lat":7.88,"lon":39.63,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:14:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T17:11:00.000Z","types":["Mass atrocity / genocide","Killing of civilians","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Unidentified gunmen","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","Orthodox Christians"],"killed":[34,40],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Mainly advocacy and social-media sources","cumulative":false,"sources":4,"links":["https://x.com/PersecutedSave/status/2119167115165143522","https://x.com/FAB87F/status/2119210919850856828","https://x.com/TheRightsWriter/status/2119235011513651546","https://x.com/x60mtalk/status/2119588076561265004","https://x.com/brownlandnews/status/2119320473775312986","https://x.com/anketseberhan/status/2119538895042105698","https://x.com/DistantDiaspora/status/2118723693224300616","https://x.com/DistantDiaspora/status/2119840345571615073"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia)","why":"Ethiopia: Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Unidentified gunmen; victims civilians, Orthodox Christians; 34-40 killed. The report describes a massacre or mass killing. Beyond murder (Rule 89), the facts are checked against crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Art. 7) and, only if there is evidence of intent to destroy a protected group, genocide (Genocide Convention, Arts II-III; Rome Statute, Art. 6). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Unidentified gunmen) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Mainly advocacy and social-media sources. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 88, 89, 156; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1), (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 6, 7, 7(1)(a), 7(1)(h), 8, 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"Genocide Convention (1948), Arts II-III; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 6, 19, 21, 22, 26; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 2, 4, 9-11"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0003","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Pakistan-administered Kashmir: three young men killed in clashes with army and Rangers in Rawalakot; activist accuses army of repression","location":"Pakistan","subregion":"AJK","place":"Rawalakot, Pakistan-administered Kashmir","lat":33.86,"lon":73.76,"precision":"town","incident_date":"2026-11-05","first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:12:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T17:05:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Pakistan Army and Rangers (alleged)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","protesters"],"killed":[3,7],"injured":[23,23],"disputed":"Activist claims far higher tolls (119 killed); partisan sources on both sides","cumulative":false,"sources":7,"links":["https://x.com/kashgilnews/status/2118754479097229696","https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/279416557/pakistan-forces-launch-deadly-crackdown-in-pojk-civilian-deaths-reported-in-rawalakot-clashes","https://x.com/iAdityaSingh05/status/2118933521209471139","https://x.com/ConflictStories/status/2119357414021743004","https://x.com/profsudhirpoldu/status/2118934348338757836","https://x.com/Kashmir_Fact/status/2118941289697968478","https://x.com/VairagiUvaaCH/status/2119838678918857074","https://x.com/thus_spake/status/2119330095340929214","https://x.com/0samirahmed/status/2119333055034949688","https://x.com/KDisinfoLab/status/2119117742167167123","https://x.com/aftabgorsi21/status/2118755807592632614","https://x.com/srijanpalsingh/status/2118723153149280598"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/Balochistan: classification contested","why":"Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/Balochistan: classification contested. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Pakistan Army and Rangers (alleged); victims civilians, protesters; 3-7 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Pakistan Army and Rangers (alleged)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Activist claims far higher tolls (119 killed); partisan sources on both sides. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 88, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1), (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(h), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 6, 19, 21, 22, 26; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0018","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Critical","headline":"Airstrike on crowded market in Al-Wazi'iyah, Taiz: dozens killed or wounded, attributed to Saudi-led forces (Houthi-aligned and Al Mayadeen reporting)","location":"Yemen","subregion":"Taiz","place":"Al-Wazi'iyah, Taiz","lat":13.38,"lon":43.55,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T17:09:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T17:04:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","market-goers"],"killed":[30,33],"injured":[8,39],"disputed":"Attribution by Houthi-aligned media; AP: responsibility unverified","cumulative":false,"sources":9,"links":["https://x.com/rmjr2654/status/2118752531396341865","https://x.com/arabnews/status/2118756758910796001","https://x.com/Brad94518458048/status/2118779135443255742","https://x.com/AssilNajeb/status/2118793398551564736","https://x.com/timand2037/status/2118811601180713166","https://x.com/MayadeenEnglish/status/2118816193771606274","https://x.com/Ahmad519942/status/2118831923384463764","https://x.com/tmjnewsnetwork/status/2118845765237747731","https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-07/Houthis-report-30-killed-in-airstrike-on-market-in-Yemen-s-Taiz-province-1RS5TUHkLks/share_amp.html","https://x.com/FREEINKPOST/status/2118936608825286673","https://x.com/MajewskiLove1/status/2118946546196553748","https://x.com/PTVBreaking1/status/2119006976466391354"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims civilians, market-goers; 30-33 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Attribution by Houthi-aligned media; AP: responsibility unverified. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0284","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian strike on a food warehouse in Odesa: three killed, three injured","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Odesa","place":"Food warehouse, Odesa","lat":46.48,"lon":30.73,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T12:27:40.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T16:04:25.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","workers"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[1,3],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2026/11/09/8061916/","https://united24media.com/war-in-ukraine/russian-strike-kills-three-at-odesa-warehouse-supplying-schools-and-kindergartens-24209"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians, workers; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0294","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"82-year-old woman killed in Russian attack on a residential building in Vyshhorod district, Kyiv region","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Kyiv","place":"Vyshhorod district, Kyiv Oblast","lat":50.58,"lon":30.49,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T14:47:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T14:47:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","elderly"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[2,2],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://x.com/DanaSLJL/status/2119804027424621028"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians, elderly; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Hague Regulations, Arts 23(g), 28, 46-47; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 33, 53 and 147). The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 50, 51, 52, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 33, 53, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a); Hague Regulations (1907), Arts 23(g), 28, 46-47","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2; Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, Art. 1"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0249","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Weekly update for Karen, Mon and Dawei: 8+ killed, 15+ injured, 9+ arrested, 7+ detained","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Kayin (Karen)","place":"Karen, Mon and Dawei areas","lat":16.9,"lon":97.8,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T03:00:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T14:23:17.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Arbitrary detention & disappearance"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[8,8],"injured":[15,15],"disputed":"Weekly aggregate (HURFOM)","cumulative":true,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/HURFOM/status/2119626038364053754","https://x.com/scarlletnn/status/2119791742807650330","https://www.facebook.com/hopetvke/posts/three-female-students-have-been-killed-and-six-others-injured-after-myanmar-mili/122323672826060588/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims civilians; 8 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Detention without due process or an enforced disappearance was reported (Rules 98-99, 117 and 123), engaging the right to liberty (ICCPR, Art. 9) and the Convention on Enforced Disappearance; Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4-5 set minimum guarantees for detainees. The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Weekly aggregate (HURFOM). The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 98, 99, 117, 123; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4-5, 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(i), 7(1)(a), 7(1)(e), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9, 14; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0286","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Iran tortured a 13-year-old boy before killing him at a protest, source says","location":"Iran","subregion":null,"place":"Iran","lat":32.4,"lon":53.7,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T13:07:26.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T13:07:26.000Z","types":["Torture & ill-treatment","Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Iranian security forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["children","protesters"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single source","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://www.iranintl.com/en/202611097610"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict","why":"Iran: Check whether the incident relates to an armed conflict. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Iranian security forces; victims children, protesters; 1 killed. Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Common Article 3(1)(a); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(a)) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Iranian security forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single source. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 90; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(f), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(ii), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 7; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1-2, 16","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0280","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Low","headline":"Two Uyghur men face possible deportation from Thailand amid fears of torture","location":"Thailand","subregion":null,"place":"Thailand","lat":15.87,"lon":100.99,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T11:58:19.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T11:58:19.000Z","types":["Forced displacement","Torture & ill-treatment","Persecution & repression"],"perpetrator":"Thai authorities (risk of refoulement)","actor_type":"state","victims":["detainees","Uyghurs"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Risk of refoulement","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://shiawaves.com/english/human-rights/147029-two-uyghur-men-face-possible-deportation-from-thailand-amid-fears-of-torture-and-disappearance-in-china/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":null,"why":"Thailand: No known armed conflict, so IHL and war crimes do not apply and human rights law governs. Reported: alleged perpetrator Thai authorities (risk of refoulement); victims detainees, Uyghurs; 0 killed. Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Geneva Convention IV, Art. 49; or in a non-international conflict Additional Protocol II, Art. 17), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). Torture or cruel treatment of people in a party's power was reported. It is absolutely prohibited (Rule 90; Geneva Conventions III and IV, where torture is a grave breach; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(a)) and under human rights law (ICCPR, Art. 7; Convention against Torture). Repression or discrimination against a group was reported. This engages non-discrimination (Rule 88; ICCPR, Arts 2 and 26) and, where widespread or systematic, the crime against humanity of persecution (Rome Statute, Art. 7(1)(h)). The alleged perpetrator (Thai authorities (risk of refoulement)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. Caveat recorded: Risk of refoulement. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":null,"icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(d), 7(1)(f), 7(1)(h)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 2, 7, 12, 19, 21, 22, 26; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33; UN Convention against Torture (CAT), Arts 1-2, 16; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0179","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"More than 10 civilians reported killed in Deynile district, Mogadishu, in fighting involving troops loyal to the president","location":"Somalia","subregion":"Mogadishu","place":"Deynile district, Mogadishu","lat":2.1,"lon":45.27,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T09:33:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T08:51:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians"],"perpetrator":"Troops loyal to the president","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","residents facing eviction"],"killed":[10,10],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Reported during forced evictions; mainly social-media sources","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/SMSSomaliTV1/status/2119362636374519809","https://x.com/MMSomalitv/status/2119382538057580922","https://x.com/AdowAjmac/status/2119480092707406032","https://x.com/KaabTV/status/2119714606847234227","https://x.com/AdowAjmac/status/2119477210859852186"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict (al-Shabaab)","why":"Somalia: Non-international armed conflict (al-Shabaab). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Troops loyal to the president; victims civilians, residents facing eviction; 10 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The alleged perpetrator (Troops loyal to the president) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Reported during forced evictions; mainly social-media sources. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 4"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0261","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"RSF reported to expel patients from six hospitals in West Kordofan","location":"Sudan","subregion":"Kordofan","place":"West Kordofan","lat":11.7,"lon":28.4,"precision":"region","incident_date":"2026-11-09","first_reported":"2026-11-09T07:53:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T08:43:59.000Z","types":["Attacks on healthcare & aid","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Rapid Support Forces (RSF)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["patients"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single partisan source (Sudanese Echo)","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/SudaneseEcho/status/2119699794654364023"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF)","why":"Sudan: Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Rapid Support Forces (RSF); victims patients. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Common Article 3(2) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 9-11 and 18, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Additional Protocol II, Art. 17), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). The alleged perpetrator (Rapid Support Forces (RSF)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single partisan source (Sudanese Echo). The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 129, 131, 132; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (2); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 9, 11, 17, 18","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(d), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 12, 16; African Union Kampala Convention on internally displaced persons (2009)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0256","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Army reports rescuing 119 abducted civilians in Borno","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Borno","place":"Borno State","lat":11.83,"lon":13.15,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-09T06:04:18.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-09T06:04:18.000Z","types":["Abduction & hostage-taking"],"perpetrator":"Not stated (army rescue)","actor_type":"unknown","victims":["abductees","women","children"],"killed":[0,0],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Nigerian Army claim","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://prnigeria.com/2026/11/08/army-rescues-abducted/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Not stated (army rescue); victims abductees, women, children; 0 killed. People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). The perpetrator is not identified, which matters for attribution and for whether IHL governs the act. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Nigerian Army claim. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 96, 99; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Art. 4(2)(c) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(c)(iii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Art. 35","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Art. 6; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Art. 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0092","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"More than 50 killed in Yemen in one of the deadliest 24 hours of the war; over 100 Saudi-led strikes reported","location":"Yemen","subregion":null,"place":"Yemen (multiple governorates)","lat":15.6,"lon":48,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T12:33:47.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-08T21:42:55.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Saudi-led coalition (attributed)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[50,50],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Over 100 strikes in 24 hours reported; civilian share unclear","cumulative":true,"sources":5,"links":["https://www.nytimes.com/2026/11/07/world/middleeast/more-than-50-killed-in-yemen.html","https://x.com/world_wallnews/status/2119326605428531352","https://www.cnn.com/2026/11/08/middleeast/saudi-arabia-riyadh-missile-financial-intl","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzoRc_e4RYY","https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/7/dozens-killed-as-humanitarian-crisis-mounts-in-yemen-what-next-for-war"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Saudi-led coalition (attributed); victims civilians; 50 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Saudi-led coalition (attributed)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Over 100 strikes in 24 hours reported; civilian share unclear. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate. This is an aggregate or period report, so the frameworks describe the pattern rather than a single act.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0024","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"ADF attack on Cantine-Aloya, Beni territory: 24–33 civilians killed with machetes, homes burned (5 Nov)","location":"DR Congo","subregion":"North Kivu","place":"Cantine-Aloya, Beni territory, North Kivu","lat":0.49,"lon":29.47,"precision":"district","incident_date":"2026-11-05","first_reported":"2026-11-06T18:00:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-08T21:10:00.000Z","types":["Mass atrocity / genocide","Killing of civilians","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Allied Democratic Forces (ADF)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","patients"],"killed":[24,33],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":11,"links":["https://x.com/SaladinAlDronni/status/2118765540726735304","https://qazinform.com/news/at-least-30-killed-in-suspected-adf-attack-in-dr-congo-02549d","https://x.com/MPasquinilli/status/2118766779342209433","https://x.com/teamcongordc/status/2118792413577642440","https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/death-toll-from-adf-attack-in-dr-congo-rises-to-33/4114820","https://x.com/Reuters/status/2118848853256335734","https://x.com/iWish_2zmun/status/2118850848386142469","https://x.com/WarGuy_/status/2118854395362267501","https://x.com/lifenewscomx/status/2118867644384158171","https://x.com/TrackJihadists/status/2118881975289499704","https://ukrmedia.news/en/world/konho-boiovyky-33-zahyblykh-ebola-likarnia/","https://x.com/IHRF_English/status/2119114172869091793"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts; foreign involvement alleged (M23)","why":"DR Congo: Non-international armed conflicts; foreign involvement alleged (M23). So both sets of treaty rules are listed; which applies depends on the parties to this incident. Reported: alleged perpetrator Allied Democratic Forces (ADF); victims civilians, patients; 24-33 killed. The report describes a massacre or mass killing. Beyond murder (Rule 89), the facts are checked against crimes against humanity (Rome Statute, Art. 7) and, only if there is evidence of intent to destroy a protected group, genocide (Genocide Convention, Arts II-III; Rome Statute, Art. 6). Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Hague Regulations, Arts 23(g), 28, 46-47; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 33, 53 and 147; or in a non-international conflict Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Allied Democratic Forces (ADF)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 50, 51, 52, 89, 156; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 33, 53, 147; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 51(2), 75(2)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(g), 13(2); Hague Regulations (1907), Arts 23(g), 28, 46-47","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 6, 7, 7(1)(a), 8, 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"Genocide Convention (1948), Arts II-III; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0220","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Around 30 displaced Amhara civilians reported killed in drone strikes; further civilian killings reported in South Gondar","location":"Ethiopia","subregion":"Amhara","place":"Amhara (incl. South Gondar)","lat":11.75,"lon":38,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T18:09:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-08T21:08:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Forced displacement"],"perpetrator":"Ethiopian forces (alleged drone strikes)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians","displaced persons","children","women","elderly"],"killed":[29,30],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Mainly social-media and advocacy sources","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/DistantDiaspora/status/2119492561429582329","https://x.com/anketseberhan/status/2119537543347900429"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia)","why":"Ethiopia: Non-international armed conflicts (Amhara, Oromia). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Ethiopian forces (alleged drone strikes); victims civilians, displaced persons, children, women, elderly; 29-30 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Forced displacement was reported. Civilians may not be displaced unless their security or imperative military reasons demand it (Rule 129; Additional Protocol II, Art. 17), and displaced people have rights to shelter and return (Rules 131-132). The alleged perpetrator (Ethiopian forces (alleged drone strikes)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Mainly social-media and advocacy sources. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89, 129, 131, 132; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2), 17","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 7(1)(d), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(viii), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(viii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 12; UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998); Refugee Convention (1951), Art. 33","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 12; African Union Kampala Convention on internally displaced persons (2009)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0177","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Ukrainian drone attack on Kursk region kills one","location":"Russia","subregion":"Kursk","place":"Kursk Oblast","lat":51.73,"lon":36.19,"precision":"region","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-08T08:56:22.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-08T08:56:22.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Ukrainian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Russian official figures","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-11-08/news-1RU7bf5GsLe/share_amp.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022","why":"Russia: International armed conflict; ECHR no longer applies to Russia for acts after 16 Sep 2022. So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Ukrainian armed forces; victims civilians; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Ukrainian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Russian official figures. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), only for acts before 16 Sep 2022"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0001","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"At least 17 civilians killed in Kordofan, 2–4 Nov; army bombing destroys a water station","location":"Sudan","subregion":"Kordofan","place":"Kordofan","lat":12.8,"lon":29.7,"precision":"region","incident_date":"2026-11-02/04","first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:05:00.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-08T00:35:55.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Destruction of property"],"perpetrator":"Sudanese Armed Forces and RSF (separate attacks)","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[17,17],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Period 2–4 Nov","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://x.com/YourAnonCentral/status/2118721319856656426","https://sudantribune.com/article/320981"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF)","why":"Sudan: Non-international armed conflict (SAF v RSF). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Sudanese Armed Forces and RSF (separate attacks); victims civilians; 17 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. Civilian property was reportedly destroyed or looted. Destruction not required by military necessity and pillage are prohibited (Rules 50-52; Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(g)). The alleged perpetrator (Sudanese Armed Forces and RSF (separate attacks)) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Period 2–4 Nov. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 50, 51, 52, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(g), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(iv), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(xiii), 8(2)(b)(xvi), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(v), 8(2)(e)(xii)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 11","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 14"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0066","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"US forces strike an alleged narcotics vessel, killing three, in the latest of a series of maritime strikes","location":"Unlocated","subregion":"At sea","place":"Eastern Pacific (at sea)","lat":null,"lon":null,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-07T01:26:27.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-07T22:18:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"US armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["persons aboard vessel"],"killed":[3,3],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"US says the vessel carried narcotics","cumulative":false,"sources":6,"links":["https://889995067.xyz/american-armed-forces-strike-kills-three-in-latest-alleged-narcotics-vessel-attack-in-recent-days/","https://www.889998084.xyz/american-armed-forces-strike-kills-3-in-latest-suspected-drug-boat-attack-this-week/","https://www.889996573.xyz/us-armed-forces-strike-kills-3-in-second-suspected-drug-boat-attack-in-recent-days/","https://www.889995991.xyz/american-armed-forces-attack-kills-three-in-second-alleged-drug-boat-attack-in-recent-days/","https://889997507.xyz/american-armed-forces-attack-kills-3-in-latest-alleged-narcotics-boat-attack-this-week/","https://x.com/Ojeda4America/status/2119192728042901519"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"No location in the report: check context before relying on any framework","why":"Unlocated: No location in the report: check context before relying on any framework. So IHL is listed only in case there is an armed conflict; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator US armed forces; victims persons aboard vessel; 3 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51; or in a non-international conflict Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57; or in a non-international conflict Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (US armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: US says the vessel carried narcotics. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"No binding regional treaty"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0006","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Russian strikes on residential areas of Sumy: 1 killed, 13 civilians injured in 24 hours","location":"Ukraine","subregion":"Sumy","place":"Sumy","lat":50.91,"lon":34.8,"precision":"town","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T15:46:11.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-07T13:25:39.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Russian armed forces","actor_type":"state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[1,1],"injured":[13,13],"disputed":"24-hour aggregate","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/1232835-amp.html","https://ua.news/en/war-vs-rf/rosiiskii-dron-udariv-po-zhitlovomu-raionu-sum-ie-postrazhdali"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine)","why":"Ukraine: International armed conflict and occupation (Russia–Ukraine). So IHL applies through the four Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol I (where ratified) and customary rules. Reported: alleged perpetrator Russian armed forces; victims civilians; 1 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Geneva Convention IV, Arts 27 and 32, and Additional Protocol I, Art. 51). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol I, Arts 48-57. The alleged perpetrator (Russian armed forces) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: 24-hour aggregate. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Geneva Convention IV (civilians, 1949), Arts 27, 32, 147; Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 48, 51(2), 51(4)-(5), 52, 57, 75(2)(a)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Art. 2"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0030","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Myanmar military airstrike on a hospital in Sagaing Region kills a senior doctor and four health workers","location":"Myanmar","subregion":"Sagaing","place":"Kawlin Township, Sagaing","lat":23.79,"lon":95.68,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T19:54:59.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-06T19:54:59.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike","Attacks on healthcare & aid"],"perpetrator":"Myanmar military","actor_type":"state","victims":["health workers"],"killed":[5,5],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Hospital run by the resistance","cumulative":false,"sources":1,"links":["https://euro-burma.eu/junta-airstrike-kills-senior-doctor-4-healthcare-workers-at-hospital-in-sagaing-region/"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs)","why":"Myanmar: Non-international armed conflicts (military v EAOs/PDFs). So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Myanmar military; victims health workers; 5 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. A medical facility, medical or aid worker, or relief operation was reportedly hit. These have specific protection (Rules 25 and 28-32; Rule 55 on relief) under Common Article 3(2) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 9-11 and 18, and attacking them can be a war crime (Rome Statute, Art. 8(2)(b)(ix) and (xxiv), Art. 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)). The alleged perpetrator (Myanmar military) is a state actor, so that state’s human rights treaty obligations apply directly, alongside IHL where there is an armed conflict. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Hospital run by the resistance. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 55, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (2); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 9, 11, 13, 13(2), 18","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(b)(ix), 8(2)(b)(xxiv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i), 8(2)(e)(ii)-(iv)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Art. 12","regional":"ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (non-binding)"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0017","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"Medium","headline":"Bandits kill 2 and abduct 18 in a Kaduna community","location":"Nigeria","subregion":"Kaduna","place":"Akwando, Kuturmi, Kachia LGA, Kaduna","lat":9.87,"lon":7.95,"precision":"district","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T17:08:22.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-06T18:57:46.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Abduction & hostage-taking"],"perpetrator":"Armed bandits","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians","villagers"],"killed":[2,2],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":null,"cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/21stCenturyChron/posts/gunmen-kill-2-kidnap-18-in-kaduna-communitytwo-akwando-villagers-have-been-kille/1561076159373670/","https://allafrica.com/stories/202611060633.html"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only","why":"Nigeria: Non-international armed conflict in the north-east (Boko Haram/ISWAP); banditry and communal violence elsewhere may fall under IHRL only. So IHL and war-crimes provisions apply only if an armed conflict exists; human rights law applies either way. Reported: alleged perpetrator Armed bandits; victims civilians, villagers; 2 killed. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). People were reportedly abducted or held. Hostage-taking is prohibited (Rule 96; Common Article 3(1)(b); Additional Protocol II, Art. 4(2)(c)) and arbitrary deprivation of liberty is unlawful (Rule 99; ICCPR, Art. 9). The alleged perpetrator (Armed bandits) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 89, 96, 99; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), paras (1)(a), (1)(b); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 4(2)(c), 13(2) (if armed conflict)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(a)(viii), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(c)(iii), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Arts 6, 9; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Art. 35","regional":"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Arts 4, 6; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Art. 29"}},{"id":"VW-2026-0014","status":"lead","verification":null,"priority":"High","headline":"Houthi ballistic missile strike reportedly kills or injures dozens of civilians (location not given)","location":"Yemen","subregion":null,"place":"Not stated","lat":15.6,"lon":48,"precision":"country","incident_date":null,"first_reported":"2026-11-06T16:22:32.000Z","last_reported":"2026-11-06T16:57:00.000Z","types":["Killing of civilians","Air / drone / artillery strike"],"perpetrator":"Houthi forces (Ansar Allah)","actor_type":"non-state","victims":["civilians"],"killed":[null,null],"injured":[null,null],"disputed":"Single social-media report; location not given","cumulative":false,"sources":2,"links":["https://www.facebook.com/SaudiGazette/posts/breaking-dozens-of-civilians-were-reportedly-killed-or-injured-in-the-houthi-bal/1465433372430734/","https://x.com/yasarullah/status/2118749601364893732"],"archives":[],"legal":{"context":"Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement","why":"Yemen: Non-international armed conflict with Saudi-led coalition involvement. So IHL applies through Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II (where ratified and its threshold is met) and customary rules; the grave-breaches regime and Additional Protocol I do not apply. Reported: alleged perpetrator Houthi forces (Ansar Allah); victims civilians. Civilians were reported killed. This engages the principle of distinction (ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rule 1) and the prohibition of murder (Rule 89; Common Article 3(1)(a) and Additional Protocol II, Arts 4 and 13). Rule 6 is listed because it is the test to apply if a party says the victims were taking a direct part in hostilities. Under human rights law it engages the right to life (ICCPR, Art. 6). The harm came from an attack, so the conduct-of-hostilities rules apply: distinction between civilians and military objectives (Rules 1 and 7), the ban on indiscriminate attacks (Rules 11-12), proportionality (Rule 14) and precautions in attack (Rule 15), set out in Additional Protocol II, Art. 13, with the detailed rules applying as customary law. The alleged perpetrator (Houthi forces (Ansar Allah)) is a non-state actor: armed groups are bound by Common Article 3 and customary IHL, while human rights treaties bind the state, which must protect people and investigate. The Rome Statute provisions indicate which international crimes the facts could amount to; ICC jurisdiction depends on the state concerned. Caveat recorded: Single social-media report; location not given. The reasoning depends on the reported facts being accurate.","ihl":"ICRC Customary IHL Study, Rules 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 89; Common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions (1949), para. (1)(a); Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (non-international armed conflicts, 1977), Arts 4(2)(a), 13, 13(2)","icl":"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Arts 7(1)(a), 8(2)(a)(i), 8(2)(b)(i), 8(2)(b)(ii), 8(2)(b)(iv), 8(2)(c)(i), 8(2)(e)(i)","ihrl":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Art. 6","regional":"Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004), Art. 5"}}]}